Mobile E Commerce And Its Future Business Implications Essay

Mobile e Commerce and its future business implications. ABSTARCT Business are making a continuous effort to provide customer-centric services at reduced costs and at the same time ensure operational efficiency to the greatest extent.. The advent of Internet has initiated a digital revolution in the worldwide business sector. On top of this the developments of Mobile Technologies are bringing in new opportunities for Business. The dynamic and flexible nature of the mobile communication channel as well as its ubiquitous reach has helped in extending a variety of business activities to its customers. As a result new business platform offering entirely new types of business services have emerged innovating on various -business models. One such new business model is Mobile e Commerce . This paper looks into the future of Mobile e Commerce and how its implications to business . Key words: Mobile e Commerce; Applications, Business INTRODUCTION Mobile e commerce is e-commerce done in a wireless environment, especially via the internet. It can also be stated as e –commerce performed using portable terminal and all location related commercial activities (generally referred as location commerce). The location based activities are unique feature of mobile e-commerce because they make much sense for mobile terminals rather than static terminals. Information can be sent in the form of e-mail, data files, video, multimedia and other information through a mobile phone ( orShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Mobile Technology Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pageselevated the standards of e-commerce in the contemporary market. E-commerce has expanded from the conventional methods of electronic transactions through hardware computers into more dynamic and expedient system of mobile commerce through portable devices. Mobile computing has developed to be an emergent technology and its blend with e-commerce has become an im portant part of modern-day businesses and in our contemporary lifestyle. Nonetheless, the opportunity of a mobile enterprise also comes withRead MoreLuxury Brand Experience In An Omni-Channel Setting With Strategic Online Visual Merchandising Analysis867 Words   |  4 PagesReinforcing the Luxury Brand Experience in An Omni-Channel Setting with Strategic Online Visual Merchandising Introduction Over the past decade, the consumer has taken the lead in online brand perceptions and conceptualizations. Multi-channel business practices are becoming more adaptive with its fast-growing and evolving consumer market. It is essential that retailers in the 21st century acknowledge the success of multi-channel businesses. The function of multiple-channel retail, also commonlyRead MoreThe Three Major Factors Fueling International Technological Growth1271 Words   |  6 PagesFactors Fueling International Technological Growth According to Matthew and Kleiner (2008) the three major factors fueling international technological growth are the internet, telecommunications, and e-commerce. The internet has the capability to generate international market expansion and future international growth for firms. It has evolved into a mechanism that can be used to capture new international market opportunities. Due to transactional and communication capabilities, the internet hasRead MoreQuestions On E Commerce Strategy Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pages E-BUSINESS Subject Code: MS-114 Topic of Assignment: E-COMMERCE STRATEGY RELATED TO BUSINESS STRATEGY Subject Teacher’s Name: Ms. KHUSHBU ARORA â€Æ' â€Æ' RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Subject: e-Business Subject Code: MS-114 Semester: MBA II Sem, I Shift; Section - A Batch: 2015-17 Instructor: Ms. Khushbu Arora QUESTION: Explain how e-Commerce Strategy relates to other aspectsRead MoreOutline Of A Interview Project949 Words   |  4 PagesCIO Interview Project Recent advancements in technology offer the organizations of today and the future boundless opportunities for improvements in service delivery. Although experts agree that the alignment of technology and the overall business strategy is both necessary and imperative, no clear path to optimum alignment exists. Christopher Nuckles, a IT Director I interviewed demonstrated full awareness of this fact. he and the company’s CIO, Matt Carey, and the executive IT leaders and displayedRead MoreEffects of User’s Perceived Security on their Usage of Online Banking and e-Payment Facilities912 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is a tentative approach by consumers to utilize available online banking and financial services. Continues growth of the internet has lead to the creation of increased information technological problems and challenges. Given the financial implications and the personal nature of data involved through online financial transactions, organisations and individuals are f aced with an increased number of attacks through phishing scams, identity theft and the like. As a result private and commercialRead MoreMobile Commerce: Literature Review2392 Words   |  10 PagesMobile Commerce: Literature Review Dr. Sudha Singh ( Associate Professor, PG Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BCET, Durgapur.) The m-commerce (MC) is an evolving, dynamic, unique and rapidly changing business opportunity with its own characteristics and concept (Lindsay, 2000). Many industry experts believe that m-commerce is a sleeping giant whose time has yet to come (Buhan, 2002). E-commerce benefited many organizations by reducing supplier cost and increasing profit. E-commerceRead MoreE Business, E Commerce, And E Government1925 Words   |  8 Pagesdifference between e-business, e-commerce, and e-government? How are information systems transforming business and what is their relationship to globalization? Danil De Vansa International American University BUS530B Management Information Systems Kimberly Hoyt October 29, 2016 Abstract E-business, e-commerce and e-government are concepts that have become a reality in today s world. Many people all over the world use the internet to purchase goods or services online, conduct business operations orRead MoreAmazon Swot Analysis On Amazon1196 Words   |  5 Pagescompany uses cost leadership in the process of dealing with prices in the online markets (Murrell, 2014). The company has developed differentiation strategies especially in the approach to portfolio listing. The strategic plan has had a significant implication on Amazon’s growth because of the level of value that shareholders yield from the company (Bensinger, 2016). On the same note, Amazon has embraced the extent of competitive advantage it derives from leveraging information technology as a criticalRead MoreBusiness Analysis : Millicom Stakeholder Report1741 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequences in the life of individuals, organisations, countries and the environment. Likewise, these forces are leading to a change in people’s sense of belonging, adding an additional sense of responsibility for mankind and the planet as a whole. Business is no exception. Corporations have a crucial role and responsibility in today’s society. As the power of the nation state is increasingly in decline, the influence of businesses is only expanding and intensifying. Companies and their decisions

Money and Banking Study Guide Chapter 1-5 Free Essays

string(88) " a financial market in which securities that have been previously issued can be resold\." Chapter 1- Why study Money, Banking and Financial Markets? Why are Financial Markets Important? Financial markets are crucial to promoting greater economic efficiency by channeling funds from people who do not have a productive use for them to those who do. Well functioning financial markets are a key factor in producing high economic growth, and poorly performing financial markets, vice versa. Financial markets and intermediaries have the basic function of getting people together by moving funds from those who have a surplus of funds to those who have a shortage of funds. We will write a custom essay sample on Money and Banking Study Guide Chapter 1-5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Importance of Interest Rates On a personal level, high interest rates can deter you from buying a house or a car because the cost of financing would be too high. Conversely, they could encourage you to save because you earn more interest by putting your money aside in savings. ON a more general level, interest rates affect the overall health of the economy because they affect not only consumers’ willingness to spend but also businesses’ investment decisions. High interest rates for example might cause a corporation to postpone building a new plant that would provide more jobs. The Importance of Stocks On a personal level the fluctuations in stock prices affect the size of people’s wealth and as a result may affect their willingness to spend. On a general level, it affects business investment decisions since the price of shares affects the amount of funds that can be raised by selling newly issued stock to finance investment spending. A higher price for a firm’s shares means that it can raise a larger amount of funds, which it can use to buy production facilities and equipment. A higher price means it can raise a larger amount of funds, which it can use to buy production facilities and equipment. Role of Financial Intermediaries Financial intermediaries are institutions that borrow funds from people who have saved and in turn make loans to others. Banks are included in this category. They accept deposits and make loans. These include commercial banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks and credit unions. Investment banks are, insurance companies, mutual funds etc. are a different category. Money growth and Inflation Inflation may be tied to continuing increases in the growth rate of the money supply. Countries with the highest inflation are those with the highest money growth rates. Questions: – Quantitative easing is done by the Federal Reserve buying more bonds. This is how they decrease the interest rate. Therefore, since the Federal reserve said they will be keeping the interest rate close to zero for the next two years, is this not considered QE3? – How many shares of stock are too much? Can’t a company infinitely raise money than? Like when does it become a problem in terms of ownership? When 51% is in the hands of the public? Are stock profits considered cash flow for a company? Chapter 2- An Overview of the Financial System Indirect Finance vs. Direct Finance In direct finance borrowers borrow funds directly from lenders in financial markets by selling them securities that are claims on the borrower’s future income or assets. In indirect finance, lender-savers provide funds to financial intermediaries, who provide funds to borrower and spenders, as well as into financial markets. This financial intermediary borrows funds from the lenders savers and then using these funds make loans to borrower-spenders. This process is called financial intermediation. It is more feasible for them to do this because of their economies of scale and ability to shy off transaction costs. Also it provides liquidity services, and risk sharing. This process of risk sharing is also sometimes referred to as asset transformation, because in a sense, risky assets are turned into safer assets for investors. Firm and Individual Ways to Obtain Funds First way is to issue a debt instrument such as a bond or a mortgage. Second is by raising funds through issuing equities, such as common stock. Primary vs. Secondary Market Primary is where new issues of a security such as a bond or sock are sold to initial buyers by the corporation or government agency borrowing the funds. A secondary market is a financial market in which securities that have been previously issued can be resold. You read "Money and Banking Study Guide Chapter 1-5" in category "Papers" An investment bank assists in the initial sale of securities in the primary market by underwriting the securities: it guarantees a price for a corporation’s securities and then sells them to the public. A corporation acquires new funds only when its securities are first sold in the primary market. Importance of Secondary markets Although they don’t directly increase corporations stock they nonetheless serve two important functions. (1) they make it easier and quicker to sell these financial instruments to raise cash; that is they make the it more liquid. This increased liquidity then makes them more desirable and thus easier for issuing firm to sell in the primary market. (2), the secondary market determines the price of the security that the issuing firm sells in the primary market. The investors buying in the primary will pay the corporation no more than the price they think the secondary market will set for the security. Brokers vs. Dealers Brokers are agents of investors who match buyers with sellers of securities; dealers link buyers and sellers by buying and selling securities at stated prices. A dealer is a person who will buy and sell securities on their account. On the other hand, a broker is one who will buy and sell securities for their clients. When dealing with securities, dealers make all decisions in respect of purchases. On the other hand, a broker will only make purchases as per the client’s wishes. While dealers have all the rights and reedom regarding the buying and selling of securities, brokers seldom have this freedom and these rights. Money Market vs. Markets The money market is a financial market in which only short-term debt instruments are traded. The capital market is the market in which longer-term debt instruments and equity instruments are traded. Money markets are usually more widely traded so tend to be more liquid. Short-term securities are also less volatile in p rices than long-term securities, making them more safer investments. Certificate of Deposit (CD) Is a debt instrument sold generally by commercial banks that pay annual interest of a given amount and at maturity pays back the original purchase price. They are sold in the secondary market. Repurchase Agreements (Repos) These are effectively short-term loans usually with a maturity of less than two weeks, for which treasury bills serve as collateral, an asset that the lender receives if the borrower does not pay back the loan. A large corporation for example may have some idle funds in its bank account say $1 million that it would like to lend for a week. Microsoft uses this excess $1mil to buy Treasury bills from a bank, which agrees to repurchase them the next week at a price slightly above Microsoft’s purchase price. The effect is that Microsoft makes a loan of $1 million ot the bank and holds $1 million of the bank’s treasury bills until the bank repurchase the bills to pay off the loan. Federal Funds and Federal Funds rate These are confusing because the federal funds designation is not to be confused with loans made by the federal government. It is rather by banks to other banks. One reason they might borrow from other banks is to meet the amount required by regulators. The federal funds rate is a closely watched barometer of the tightness of credit market conditions in the banking system. Its the interest rate at which depository institutions actively trade balances held at the Federal Reserve, called federal funds, with each other, usually overnight. When high that means banks are strapped for funds, when low, banks credit needs are low. Thus with a high federal funds rate banks require more money reserve in their vaults and thus can’t issue out loans as regularly. Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard When one party often does not know enough about the other party to make accurate decisions. For example a borrower who takes out a loan usually has better information about the potential returns and risk associated with the investment projects for which the funds are earmarked than the lender does. Lack of information creates problems on two fronts: before the transaction is entered into and after. Adverse Selection The problem created by asymmetric information before the transaction occurs. It occurs when the potential borrowers who are the most likely to produce an undesirable (adverse) outcome –the bad credit risks- are the ones who most actively seek out al oan are are thus most likely to be selected. Moral Hazard The problem created by asymmetric information after the transaction occurs. It is the risk and hazard that the borrower might engage in activities that are undesirable from the lender’s point of view; because they make it less likely that the loan will be paid back. When you make a loan, it is usually by trust that they do what they say they’ll do with the money. Depository Institutions Commercial banks, Savings and loan Associations, Mutual Savings Banks, Credit Unions. These are financial intermediaries, referred to as simply banks in the text, that accept deposits from individuals and institutions and make loans. Thrift Institutions are all of these minus commercial banks. Commercial Banks Raise funds primarily by issuing checkable deposits, savings deposits, they then use these funds to make commercial, consumer, and mortgage loans and to buy US government securities and municipal bonds. They are the largest financial intermediary and have the most diversified portfolios of assets. Savings and Loan Associations and Mutual Savings Banks Obtain funds primarily through savings deposits often called shares and time checkable deposits. Over time they have been less constrained and are turning into commercial banks. Credit Unions Usually very small cooperative lending institutions organized around a particular group: union members, employees of a particular firm, and so forth. They acquire funds form deposits called shares and primarily make consumer loans. Contractual Savings Institutions Financial intermediaries that acquire funds at periodic intervals on a contractual basis, since they can predict with reasonable accuracy how much they will have to pay out in benefits in the coming years. Liquidity is not as important. Involve life insurance companies, fire and casualty insurance companies, and pension and government retirement funds. Finance Companies Raise funds by selling commercial paper and by issuing stocks and bonds. They lend funds to consumers who make purchases of items and to small businesses. Some are organized by parent corporations to help sell its product. Mutual Funds Acquire funds by selling shares to many individuals and use the proceeds to purchase diversified portfolios of stocks and bonds. Mutual funds allow shareholders to pool their resources so that they can take advantage of lower transaction costs when buying large blocks of stocks or bonds. Money Market Mutual Funds Similar to a mutual fund but they also function to an extent as a depository institution. They sell shares to acquire funds that are then used to buy money market instruments that are both safe and liquid. A key feature is that shareholders can write checks against the value of their shareholdings. Investment Banks It is not a bank or a financial intermediary in the ordinary sense; that is, it does not take in deposits and then lend them out. Instead, an Investment Bank is a different type of intermediary that helps a corporation issue securities. First it advises the corporation on which type of securities to issue (stocks or bonds) then it helps sell (underwrite) the securities by purchasing them from the corporation at a predetermined price and reselling them in the market. They also act as deal makers and earn enormous fees by helping corporations acquire other companies through mergers and acquisitions. Regulations involved Restrictions on entry, only those who have impeccable credentials and a large amount of initial funds are given a charter as a financial intermediary. Stringent reporting requirements for financial intermediaries. Restrictions on certain assets and activities. Deposit Insurance, Limits on Competition. Also, there is a restriction on interest rates that can be paid on deposits. These regulations were instituted because of the widespread believe that unrestricted interest-rate compensation helped encourage bank failures during the Great Depression. In terms of regulation abroad, the major differences between financial regulation in the US vs. Abroad relate to bank regulation as in the past the US was the only industrialized country to subject banks to restrictions on branching which limited banks size. Questions: When a company issues a secondary IPO, is it in the primary market or secondary market? Chapter 3 – What is Money? What are the requirements for Money? (1) Must be easily standardized making it simple to ascertain its value (2) It must be widely accepted (3) It must be divisible so that it easy to make change (4) It must be easy to carry and (5) It must not deteriorate quickly. Examples have included strings of beds used by Indians, to tobacco, and whiskey, to cigarettes. Functions of Money Money is used as (1) a medium of exchange to pay for goods and services (2) a unit of account used to measure value in the economy (3) a store of value used to save purchasing power from the time income is received until the time it is spent. Commodity Money Money made up of precious metals or another valuable commodity is called commodity money. Problem is that it is hard to transport. Fiat Money Paper Currency. It has the advantage of being much lighter than coins or precious metal, but it can be accepted as a medium of exchange only if there is trusting in the authorities that issue it and if printing has reached a sufficiently advanced stage that counterfeiting is extremely difficult. Major drawbacks are that they are easily stolen and can be expensive to transport in large amounts because of their bulk. To combat this there has been the invention of checks. Monetary Aggregates M1 = Currency + Traveler’s Checks + Demand deposits + Other checkable deposits. M2 = M1 + small denomination time deposits + savings deposits and money market deposit accounts + money market mutual fund shares. M1 is the most liquid while M2 is money including assets that have check-writing features and other assets that can be turned into cash quickly at little cost, but are not as liquid. Chapter 4 – Understanding Interest Rates Simple Loan PV = CF/(1+i)^n, there’s not payments in between, it’s just the lender provides the borrower with an mount of funds (principal) which is then repaid back to lender at the end of the maturity (can be any amount of years) as well as an interst. Fixed Payment Loan Lender provides borrower with an amount of funds which must be repaid by making the same payment every period consisting of part principal and part interest. Coupon Bond Your normal type of bond, pays interest by coupon payment, price changes, principal at end. Corporate bonds, treasury bonds, all are coupon bonds. Discount Bond Zero-Coupon Bond, this is a type of coupon bond where it is bought at a price below its face value and the face value is repaid at the end of the maturity date. However it does not make any interest payments. It’s coupon rate = 0. YTM = F-P / P Perpetuity Type of coupon bond that is a perpetual bond and has no maturity date where it repays a principal amount. P = C/i Current Yield With long-term bonds or perpetuities, I = C/P and this just equals the current yield. Distinction Between Interest Rates and Returns A lender is not better off if the interest rate rises. How well a person does by holding a bond or any other security depends on their assets return. Here for a bond, the return is defined as the payments to the owner plus the change in its value, expressed as a fraction of its price. R = C+P2-P1 / P1. R = i + g.. = Coupon rate + rate of capital gain. Greater fluctuations with Long Term Bonds When interest rates rise, long-term bonds bear the worse effect since their present values are taken into far far into the future, therefore their prices are more drastically changing. The more distant a bond’s maturity the greater the size of the percentage price change associated with an interest rate change. It’s all because of the change in capital growth. Interest Rate Risk Prices and returns for long-term bonds are more volatile than those for shorter-term bonds. The riskiness of an assets return that results form interest rate changes is called interest-rate risk. Bonds with a maturity that is as short as the holding period have no interest rate risk. This is true only for discount bonds and zero-coupon bonds. The key is to recognize that the price at the end of the holding period is already fixed at face value, the change in interest rates then have no effect on the price at the end of the holding period for thos bonds, and the return will therefore be equal to the yield to maturity. Fisher Equation Nominal interest rate always equals the real interest rate + the expected rate of inflation. Chapter 5 – The Behavior of Interest Rates Determinants of Asset Demand 1) Wealth – Increasing wealth creates more resources available with which to purchase assets and therefore quantity of assets we demand increases. (2) Expected Returns – An increase in an asset’s expected return relative to alternative assets raises the quantity of assets we demand. (3) Risk – The degree of risk or uncertainty of an asset’s ret urns also affects the demand for the asset. Increasing risk decreasing the quantity of assets demanded. (4) Liquidity – The more liquid an asset is relative to alternative assets, the more desirable it is and greater the quantity demanded. What determines interest rates? There’s two theories: the Bond Market Framework and the Money Market framework called the Liquidity Preference. The best Theory is the combination of the two. Demand Curve in the Bond Market As the interest rate rises, or prices of the bonds decrease, people or willing to lend out more money therefore increase their quantity of buying bonds. This explains the negative slope of the bond demand curve. Supply Curve in the Bond Market As the interest rates rise, or prices of the bonds decrease, people are less willing to borrow by selling bonds considering that their interest payments are higher. Therefore as interest rates increases, quantity of bonds decrease thereby explaining the positive slope of the supply curve. Shifts in the Demand for Bonds The theory of asset demand demonstrated before provides factors which cause the demand curve for bonds to shift. Therefore these four parameters are included: (1) Wealth – Increase in wealth increases demand for bonds. This is because with higher wealth, there is a growing business expansion, and therefore people are willing to lend out money more. Also, propensity to save, if households save more, wealth increases and demand for bonds rises. 2) Expected Returns – Increase in expected returns on bonds relative to alternative assets increases demand for bonds. (through expected interest rates and expected inflation) a. Interest Rates E – Higher expected interest rates in the future, say 10% to 20%, would lead toa sharp decline in price and a very large negative turn. Therefore if people expect higher interest r ates next year, the demand for bonds will decrease. b. Inflation Rate E – An increase in the expected rate of inflation lowers the expected return for bonds. This is because a change in expected inflation is likely to increase the return on physical assets relative to bonds, therefore leading to a fall in relative return on bonds therefore decreasing asset demand. (3) Risk – Increasing risk of bonds relative to alternative assets decreases demand for bonds. (4) Liquidity – Increasing liquidity of bonds relative to alternative assets increases demand for bonds. Shifts in the Supply Curve (1) Profitability of Investment Greater economic expansions yield increases in supply of bonds. The more profitable plant and equipment investments that a firm expects it can make, the more willing will borrow. When the economy is growing rapidly, investment opportunities that are expected to be profitable abound, and the quantity of bonds supplied at any given bond price will increase. (2) Expected Inflation – When inflation is expected to rise, the real cost of borrowing is more accurately measured by the real interest rate which is the nominal rate minus the expected inflation rate, thus real cost of borrowing falls hence quantity of bonds supplied increases. 3) Government Budget – Higher government deficits increase the supply of bonds and shift the supply curve to the right. Government surpluses however do the opposite. Fisher Equation WHEN EXPECTED INFLATION RISES – INTEREST RATES WILL RISE Changes in the Interest Rate due to a Business Expansion In an expansion, the amount of goods and services produced in the economy increase so the national income increases and therefore wealth increases. Therefore demand for bonds increases. At the same, opportunities that are profitable also increase and supply for bonds increase as people want to borrow more. Therefore what happens? Theoretically, nothing, quantity of bonds increases but price/interest rate can go either way. According to data though, usually the supply effect demand effect as more people invest in new opportunities. Therefore interest rates generally rise during an economic expansion. Business Cycles and Interest Rates Data shows that interest rates rise during business cycle expansions and fall during contractions. Focusing into the Money market now. Liquidity Preference Framework says that the analysis of the money market is the same as the analysis of the bond market. Bs – Bd = Md – Ms. The reason that we approach both in the determination of interest rates with both frameworks is that the bond supply and demand framework is easier to use when analyzing the effects from changes in expected inflation, whereas the liquidity preference framework provides a simpler analysis of the effects from changes in income, the price level, and the supply of money. Demand Curve for Money REMEMBER THAT FOR THE MONEY MARKET THE Y AXIS IS INTERST RATE ICNREASING. As interest rates rise, the opportunity cost of holding money increases therefore quantity demanded for money decreases. The Federal reserve controls the amount of money supplied therefore they are able to cause it into equilbirum. Liquidity Preference Framework: Shifts in Demand for Money (1) Income – A higher level of income causes the demand for money at each interest rate to increase and the demand curve to shift right. People want to hold more money. Thus interest rates will rise. (2) Price-Level Effect – When price level rises the same nominal quantity of money is no longer as valuable; it cannot be used to purchase as many real goods or services. To restore their holdings of money in real terms to its former level people want to hold more money. Therefore increasing the price level increases the demand for money. Thus interest rates will rise. Liquidity Preference Framework: Shifts in Supply of Money (1) Only changes by the federal reserve. Now Combining Liquidity Preference and Bond Framewor When we Increase the MS (1) Income Effect – Because an increasing money supply is an expansionary influence on the economy, it should raise national income and wealth. Both the LP and BSD framwork indicate that interest rates will then rise. Thus the income effect of an increase in the money supply is a rise in interest rates. (2) Price – Level Effect – An increase in the money supply causes verall price level in the economy to rise. The liquidity preference framework indicates that this will lead to a rise in interest rates. (3) Expected Inflation Effect – The higher inflation rate that results from an increase in the MS also affects interest rates by affecting the expected inflation rate. The Bond Supply fr amework believes this leads to higher levels of interest rates. But does a higher rate of Growth of the Money Supply Lower Interest Rates? Of all the effects, only the liquidity effect indicates that a higher rate of money growth will cause a decline in interest rates. In contrast, the income, price level and expected inflation effects indicate that interest rates will rise when money growth is higher. Generally the liquidity effect from the greater money growth takes effect immediately because the rising money supply leads to an immediate decline in the equilbrium interest rate. The income and price level effects take tim to work because it takes time for the increase money supply to raise the price level and income which in turn raise interest rates. The expected inflation rate can be slow or fast depnding on wether or not people adjust expcations quik enough. How to cite Money and Banking Study Guide Chapter 1-5, Papers

Normative Development free essay sample

It indicates a typical range of what can be expected at a given time. These are generally referred to as developmental milestones to indicate steps in certain abilities that should be reflected at different ages, as determined by supporting research. In this way, normative development is important because it allows us to understand what to expect at different ages (Sigelman and Rider, 2006). The works of different theoretical viewpoints will be examined, each with differing perspectives on the nature of human development. The degree of variability between these theories brings into question the viability of normative development. The changes and continuities of human development are examined across three broad areas. These are the physical growth of the body, organs and motor skills; the cognitive abilities such as language, perception and memory; and the psychosocial development, which includes social interactions, personality traits and identity (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Human growth, development and aging are guided by a unique genetic program, set into action by the brain and hormones released by the endocrine system. We will write a custom essay sample on Normative Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Areas of physical development include brain development, locomotor skills and sensory capabilities. including perception. Developmental phases studied across the lifespan are the infant, from birth to two years, the child from approximately three to twelve years, the adolescent of twelve to eighteen years and finally the adult; young, middle, and elderly. The endocrine system, together with the nervous system, is fundamental to growth during childhood, sexual and physical maturation of the adolescent, performance and aging over the lifespan (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory is still widely influential today and remains directly relevant to contemporary theories on child development. Piaget proposed that all children progress through four universal, stage-like phases, and believed development was predominantly biological-based although he did recognize environmental-learned experience. He considered humans to be adaptive and active in their cognitive development, and to construct new understandings through their explorations. These developments are qualitative and replace former strategies at each new stage (Sigelman Rider, 2006). By arguing these stages were similar and common to all children, Piaget espoused normative development. Piaget’s first stage, from birth to two years, is the sensorimotor period. Infants explore and discover their world using their innate senses and motor skills, solving problems through experimenting. By constructing organized patterns of thought and action schemes they are able to make sense of their world. As children’s knowledge and experiences change, these schemes adapt and change as a result of the ensuing mental conflict and the interpretation of new information. According to Piaget, they learn to construct mental symbols, leading to more purposeful thought and early language, such as babbling and cooing (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Infancy is a time when most fundamental capacities emerge and develop and on which the rest of the lifespan is determined, so it is a crucial period. Babies are born with reflexes, sensory and perceptual capabilities and are able to learn through their experiences. Motor skills are closely connected to perceptual-cognitive developments. Newborns are checked for normal physical development using the Agpar test for heart, colour, reflex, muscle and respiratory (Sigelman Rider, 2006). The critical period for brain development is during late pregnancy and early infancy. Although normal genes roughly determine normal functioning, early xperiences establish the brain’s patterning. Research has shown that babies born into lower socio-economic environments and institutions are at a disadvantage. This is possibly due to poor maternal nutrition, lack of healthcare and advice, and lack of a stimulating environment. Physical and emotional conditions surrounding the pregnant and early inf ant environment can determine and influence whether a baby develops within the developmental norm. Environmental hazards such as pollutants, and exposure to drugs and alcohol can have adverse affects on development that impact across the lifespan. Risks include low birth weight, mental retardation and congenital abnormalities, such as spina bifida and Down syndrome (Sigelman Rider, 2006). There are also sensitive periods within early infancy in which normal vision, perception, hearing and language development can be compromised. Abnormalities can have profound affects on the development of close family members too (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Clearly, considering the complex clinical reality of infant development and factors that cannot be predetermined, Piaget’s theory is too restrictive. Infants and children most likely to experience stable normative development benefit most from a stimulating loving home environment. In his Attachment Theory, psychiatrist John Bowlby argued that humans are biologically disposed to forming close affection ties and behavioral systems that help us normalize our emotions. A secure early attachment to our primary caregiver has been shown to have a positive impact on an individual’s social development and the quality of attachment during infancy can influence the quality of relationships across each subsequent developmental period. Those infants and children, who never form a stable attachment bond through circumstances such as parental absence, are more likely to suffer relationship issues throughout the lifespan. Early emotional strain can raise stress hormone levels in infants and this can impact on their neural development. Evidence shows social relationships affect health and wellbeing, so dysfunction has a direct impact on our development (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Psychologist Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory stresses the role our social interactions have on our development. Bandura believed that by observing other people we construct and memorise mental symbols, which we later use to direct our behaviour. He emphasized the importance of active information processing in behavioural and learning development. By observing the potential consequences of others actions, learners will then decide whether to imitate (Bandura, 2001). This can account in part for language progression. By listening to talking, infants begin to process words. They then imitate other people’s speech, and if this behaviour has favourable consequences, they are more likely to have advanced early language development (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Infants with older siblings also show superior word comprehension, signifying the influence of the social-interaction element (Fletcher-Flinn McCormack, 2000). The core feature of Bandura’s theory is that â€Å"people play a part in their self-development, adaption, and self-renewal with changing times† (Bandura, 2001, p2). Self-efficacy, the belief that one can successfully create a desired outcome, ultimately affects what courses of action people choose, and so affect development. In this way, development is context specific, multi-directional and can differ at all ages. He rejects the notion of universality and believes developmental change occurs gradually and continuously (Sigelman Rider, 2006). In Piaget’s theory, pre-school children aged two to seven, are in the pre-operational stage. Children’s physical growth is steady and they master more advanced motor skills as their muscles strengthen and their agility improves. Their symbolic capacity flourishes as they play and develop language. Creativity rises but appears to lessen at the advent of school. They are unable to think logically and view the world egocentrically. They become more aware of gender and develop early theory of mind, beginning to understand people have different mental states that cause certain behaviours. Dependent on a normal brain, this ability to understand others and adopt their perspective generally leads to better social integration. Piaget believed it is through the interaction with their peers, not adults, that children advance their cognitive development. This appears true for children’s social cognition too, with evidence showing children with siblings have a higher developed theory of mind (Sigelman Rider, 2006). In contrast to Piaget, the Russian psychologist Les Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective emphasizes the role of culture and society in cognitive development. Children learn through interaction with a skilled helper and in response to cultural influences. Language is a key learning tool the child internalizes into personal thought processes, problem solving and language development. As statistics show, in children less than three years, large differences in vocabulary are apparent due to quantity and quality of language they are exposed to. Unlike Piaget who believed guided training does not increase development, Vygotsky’s perspective relies on the premise that children learn and advance through teaching. Evidence of special preschool education services for disadvantaged children shows better performance in cognitive and social skills, suggesting that children can improve their skills if given a stimulating learning environment (Sigelman Rider, 2006). The Bayley Scales test normal mental, motor and behaviour development of infants and are thus a diagnostic tool for neurological problems. Children who suffer autism have trouble developing theory-of-mind, empathy for others and experience socialising problems (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Their development and that of their families will deviate from the expected norms. The rapid growth of electronic technology we are experiencing in the 21st Century will surely advance children’s early cognitive abilities in ways not studied by Piaget and raises doubts as to what we can define as normative today (Bandura, 2001). In Piaget’s concrete-operational stage, children ages seven to eleven begin to reason logically and deductively, thereby improving memory skills and problem solving. Their knowledge base and ability to process information increases. Piaget stated that these cognitive developments are qualitative and occur almost abruptly with each stage, whereas information-processing theorist Robert Siegler argues that these changes occur gradually and variably over time. His â€Å"overlapping waves theory† suggests children adapt and select their strategies to tasks as needed (Sigelman Rider, 2006, p230). Piaget proposed children develop a â€Å"heteronomous morality†, believing in the sacredness of rules, with little consideration of intentions (Sigelman Rider, 2006, p328). More recent findings suggest children are able to differentiate between rules and their level of social cognition is more sophisticated then Piaget expected (Sigelman Rider, 2006). The issue of good nutrition is still crucial to normal development and those children from low socio-economic households are shown to be disadvantaged (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Obesity and the associated disease type 2 diabetes are becoming more prevalent and are one of the biggest health challenges facing western developed nations. Traditionally considered a disease of adults, type 2 diabetes is increasingly diagnosed in children in parallel to rising obesity rates. Another by-product of 21st Century living, the epidemic raises questions as to what constitutes a normative physical development (Australian Institute of Health Welfare). In Piaget’s formal-operations stage, from approximately twelve years onwards, adolescents’ cognitive abilities improve as the brain increases, with the beginning of abstract and hypothetical thought, and increased attention span. During adolescence, strong bonds with peers are formed and many experience with intimate relationships. They develop more advanced social perspective-taking capacities, entering what Piaget termed the â€Å"Autonomous morality† stage, where they start to take into account others intentions and view rules as changeable contracts (Sigelman Rider, 2006, p383). In his social cognitive perspective, Bandura stresses that our moral cognition is tied to our moral behaviour. This behaviour is learned through observation, and is reinforced by the consequences of our behaviour. It is monitored internally by our individual standards of morality. So if we have not internalised strong moral standards, we are more likely to become involved in immoral behaviour. Personality traits and resulting behaviours alter and adapt according to specific social environments. Adolescent’s ability to think more independently can also lead to greater confusion and rebellion. This is particularly evident in adolescent’s often reckless conduct and risk taking that can have huge implications on their future development (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Adding to the internal confusion is the dramatic physical changes that occur. A surge in growth hormones creates a growth spurt and muscles develop rapidly. Both sexes experience sexual maturation, or puberty. The psychological effects of puberty are significant as teenagers grapple with their sexual changes and increased levels of hormones. Adolescents often become preoccupied with body image and how they are perceived and a period of internal conflict and self-identity emerges. Evidence also indicates the age at which adolescents experience puberty has a significant affect on all aspects of their development, including sense of identity, academic performance and social confidence. Levels of cognitive development, home and cultural environment and scope for opportunities create a diverse range of experiences and differing developmental results (Sigelman Rider, 2006). Research has shown that some adults do not reach or use Piaget’s final stage, formal-operational thought, especially in remote rural cultures where social experiences are limited. There is also evidence that people swing between Piaget’s later stages depending on the social and environmental context (Sigelman Rider, 2006). This questions Piaget’s assertion of universality and discontinuity. Although Piaget suggested that cognitive development was mastered by age eighteen, research indicates some adults reach another level, known as postformal thought. The qualitative difference is relativistic thinking, that is, â€Å"†¦ understanding that knowledge depends on the subjective perspective of the knower† (Sigelman Rider, 2006, p 206). In young and middle adulthood, cognitive abilities strengthen and intelligence stabilizes. In later adulthood, some mental and physical capabilities slowly start to weaken. The decline in neural functioning affects cognition and perception, with the most universal changes in capacities being visual and auditory. However self-esteem and identity seem to remain stable. As we age, disease and physical ailments increase although good nutrition and keeping physically active contribute to healthy development. Keeping mentally alert and socially active can also slow down declines in cognition. Deterioration of the nervous system occurs leading to degrees in memory loss, and often alzheimers. There are considerable differences in aged development, while many older adults remain alert and active across most of the lifespan, others contract debilitating diseases (Sigelman Rider, 2006). An expected normative development, then, appears problematic. Universal stage theories, such as Piaget’s, have been formulated within specific social contexts and value systems. A normal developmental milestone expected in one culture may not be valued or relevant in another. These developmental norms are also influenced by factors such as the group studied, culture and generation and so conceal wide variations among the subjects. Criticisms of many studies include a cultural and gender-bias, and a lack of consideration for the relevant historical and social contexts (Sigelman Rider, 2006). While Piaget has been hugely influential in furthering understanding cognitive development, particularly in children, and there may be some degrees of universal growth, such theories fail to factor in our unique experiences, the dynamics of change and the significant individual variabilities to these norms as evident in our world. As German psychologist Paul Baltes (1980) successfully argues, developmental-processes can occur at any age in life and are influenced by historical, biological, sociocultural and unexpected life events that can account for substantial individual variation. Bandura’s social cognitive theory takes into account this complex interplay of individual biological potentialities, different psychosocial influences and the adaptive modes of behaviour people adopt to shape their development (Bandura 2001). People are proactive and â€Å"†¦bring their influence to bear on how they live their lives† (Bandura, 2001, p13). Today, with the advance of genetic research and a more sophisticated understanding of human development, the focus of development now lies in the fluctuating balance of gene-environment interaction (Sigelman Rider, 2006). The study of identical and non-identical twins has advanced scientists’ findings. By studying twins reared together and apart, scientists are able to better estimate the degree to which heredity and environment contribute to an individual’s makeup (Wright, 1997, p1). So although it will always be problematic establishing beyond a doubt the exact degree of influence, the sheer scale of contributing and conflicting factors that shape our development means there will remain ambiguity concerning normative development. â€Å"Assuming that the infant has normal opportunities to explore and experience the world, the result will be a normal brain and normal development† (Sigelman, 2006, p155). The degree to which this can be true depends greatly on seemingly immeasurable, complex and changing conditions. At best, by attempting to define normative development, theorists offer guidelines that aid us in understanding the many developmental possibilities and alert us to the vast differences in human development. But the different sources of influence such as genetics, nutrition, rearing, social class, temperament, ethnicity and culture that determine our development are too diverse and complex to allow for a truly predictable normative development.

Effect of Amniocentesis as a Growing Trend

Effect of Amniocentesis as a Growing Trend Free Online Research Papers Amniocentesis has come about to be an effective and widely used trend in today’s world. It is a trend that has started to develop very recently. As a new technology, it is still in its primary stages. New developments are being made in this field but none of them have been established right now. In general amniocentesis is described as a process of drawing amniotic fluid from a pregnant women’s womb with a long needle to find out about the sex of the child and also look for any genetic disorders that the child may be carrying, that might affect the child after it is born and as it grows up. More and more pregnant women are using this process to ensure a safe health of their babies but, like everything else, it has its long term effects which cannot be overlooked, and in the long run can have certain effects which can destroy any healthy family. Amniocentesis is one of the processes of the broad subject matter of prenatal genetic testing. One major significance that the trend is going to have as researchers are thinking on it is the use of amniotic cells as amniotic stem cells. As more and more studies are going on in this topic the researchers have found that stem cells can be extracted from the amniotic fluid with the potential for therapy. Research has also found out that the stem cells that are extracted from the amniotic fluid have properties that resemble the properties of embryonic stem cells. One of the biggest significance that this research is going to have is that during amniocentesis a lot of cells are routinely discarded from the womb and scientists and researchers can use these cells as amniotic stem cells without posing any harm to the fetus or correctly the still developing embryo. People, especially pregnant ladies, think it will be a good thing that they will be able to help in a good cause while retaining what they want to and not harming what they don’t want harmed (survey). The use of embryonic stem cells is a very sensitive and controversial issue and now the finding that the cells extracted from the amniotic fluid can also do the same thing without having the highly objectionable consequences is going to give people some time to think about the use of embryonic stem cells and see if there is any situation in a persons life when that person wants an abortion. Well, rather than kill the fetus all together, it can be given up to be used for research and in that way help humanity. Amniocentesis started out as a procedure which was used to determine the sex of the baby before it was born. The doctors bring out some of the amniotic fluid from the mothers womb and test the cells to see the kind of chromosomes it has. This side of amniocentesis has also been used to preselect the gender of the baby before it was born. That became a very controversial issue, because a child’s determination of gender in the womb gender is natural process and according to the protesting people it should not be tampered with. But it is still used widely in some parts of the world where the reason to do this to some extent is the existence of gender discrimination. Although living and being born in United States of America a child (girl/boy) would not experience gender discrimination. They are told from the start that they are equal and can do everything like each other. This discrimination has various levels of existence, but the saddest level of all these is its existence among babies. In developing countries girls are still considered to be a burden and an extra expense added to the family. The poor families who barely survive are more annoyed when a new born in their family happens to be a girl. In these developing countries, since childhood girls are told that they are second in everything they do except that they are first in causing the family trouble for no visible reason. Boys are always put on a higher pedestal than the girls are, moreover girls are not given any kind of pedestal at all. According to Julie Mullins in â€Å"children in a world of violence† â€Å"Discrimination against girls and women in the developing world is a devastating reality. It results in millions of individual tragedies, which add up to lost potential for entire countries. Studies show there is a direct link between a countrys attitude toward women and its progress socially and economically. The status of women is central to the health of a society. If one part suffers, so does the whole†. Certain obstacles are put in a girl’s path as she grows up like-sex trafficking, abuse, neglect, dowry, labor etc. All this affects the girl emotionally and breaks them down. Earlier when amniocentesis did not exist people either had to deal with girl child or used to kill them after they were born. But, now as amniocentesis is available and can detect the sex of the child while still in the womb, people in especially developing countries go through this process just to find out the sex and if it is a girl a lot of them get it aborted. In a sense amniocentesis has taken this gender discrimination phenomenon to a level where it cou ld not go before. Amniocentesis is a very safe process and at the same time also a very useful process. People earlier thought that it is a process that may provide harm to the mother and the child inside her, but, scientific studies have proved that it does not have any harm on the mother or the child. The pregnant women who were earlier scared of amniocentesis can rest easier now. They had a fear that having an amniocentesis test would increase the chances of them having a miscarriage. In general it is said that 1 in 200 women are in risk of having a miscarriage due to amniocentesis. But two new studies by two different institutions have proved that this process has become safer. According to a study performed The University of California, San Francisco, 1 in 370 women have a chance of having a miscarriage due to amniocentesis. According to another study by Mount Sinai school of medicine, 1 in 1,600 women will go through miscarriage. So, these studies prove that amniocentesis is a very safe procedur e and can be and should be done by the pregnant women to be sure that the fetus inside them does not have any genetic abnormalities. After learning about these statistics, more people in the surveys I did were consoled that they would undergo the procedure of amniocentesis to ensure the safety of their child. It is very simple to notice how the human mind can sometimes very easily take the simple data produced in front of it and conclude on undergoing for something big like amniocentesis. Amniocentesis having been developed at such a constant rate, now also provides for pre-selecting how a couple’s baby will look. This is a controversial issue. People now sometimes do not use their own genetic material, instead they go to labs and find the embryo that they want implanted in their system, so their baby can be perfect or the way they want it to be. This is a long term effect that amniocentesis will cause, or to say has started to cause. It plays with nature and tampers the natural process. But, this process also helps some families who have a history of genetic disorders in their family and it has been passed down from generation to generation. They have a reason to pre-select their baby, so a healthy gene enters a family which can eventually help reduce the next generations chances of getting the genetic defect. Amniocentesis is done around the 16th week of the pregnancy. It looks out for genetic abnormalities like Downs’s syndrome, spinabifida cystic fibrosis and tay-sachs. It is generally recommended for women whose family has a history of genetic disorders or if the woman is above the age of 35 and is having a baby. In that case the baby has a higher chance of having a chromosomal disorder. Since it does not have a very huge cost associated with it, it is possible for an average human to do it once in their lifetime, for any kind of worry that may be troubling them about the pregnancy. This process does not have any harmful consequences, but it depends because there is still research going on in this field and that will tell if this is going to affect us in a negative way or not. Amniocentesis itself is a cost effective procedure, but if the test proves that the baby certainly does have some genetic defect, then the cost effectiveness of this process becomes cost expensiveness. Selecting the genes planning everything ahead of the baby’s arrival and paying everything becomes very expensive for the family. That is why a lot of people come to know of their baby’s disorder but cannot do anything for the lack of financial freedom. That is a setback that can traumatize families, the fact that they know their baby is genetically sick but they cannot do anything. Amniocentesis is a process that is both helping and harming people. It has too many long term effects associated with it once a parent finds out about their baby’s disorder. But, science is developing and it provides for solution for everything. For a general check up to ensure good health of the baby, amniocentesis should be done by everyone. Research Papers on Effect of Amniocentesis as a Growing TrendGenetic EngineeringPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentStandardized TestingMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

The Civil War Plot to Burn New York City

The Civil War Plot to Burn New York City The plot to burn New York City was an attempt by the Confederate secret service to bring some of the destruction of the Civil War to the streets of Manhattan. Originally envisioned as an attack designed to disrupt the election of 1864, it was postponed until late November. On Friday evening, November 25, 1864, the night after Thanksgiving, conspirators set fires in 13 major hotels in Manhattan, as well as in public buildings such as theaters and one of the most popular attractions in the country, the museum run by Phineas T. Barnum. The crowd poured into the streets during the simultaneous attacks, but the panic faded when the fires were quickly extinguished. The chaos was immediately assumed to be some sort of Confederate plot, and the authorities began hunting for the perpetrators. While the incendiary plot was little more than a peculiar diversion in the war, there is evidence that operatives of the Confederate government had been planning a far more destructive operation to strike New York and other northern cities. The Confederate Plan to Disrupt the Election of 1864 In the summer of 1864, the reelection of Abraham Lincoln was in doubt. Factions in the North were weary of the war and eager for peace. And the Confederate government, naturally motivated to create discord in the North, was hoping to create widespread disturbances on the scale of the New York City Draft Riots of the previous year. A grandiose plan was devised to infiltrate Confederate agents into northern cities, including Chicago and New York, and commit widespread acts of arson. In the resulting confusion, it was hoped that southern sympathizers, known as Copperheads, could seize control of important buildings in the cities. The original plot for New York City, as outlandish as it seems, was to occupy federal buildings, obtain weapons from arsenals, and arm a crowd of supporters. The insurgents would then raise a Confederate flag over City Hall and declare that New York City had left the Union and had aligned itself with the Confederate government in Richmond. By some accounts, the plan was said to be developed enough that Union double-agents heard about it and informed the governor of New York, who refused to take the warning seriously. A handful of Confederate officers entered the United States at Buffalo, New York, and traveled to New York in the fall. But their plans to disrupt the election, which was to be held on November 8, 1864, were thwarted when the Lincoln administration sent thousands of federal troops to New York to ensure a peaceful election. With the city crawling with Union soldiers, the Confederate infiltrators could only mingle in the crowds and observe the torchlight parades organized by supporters of President Lincoln and his opponent, Gen. George B. McClellan. On election day the voting went smoothly in New York City, and though Lincoln did not carry the city, he was elected to a second term. The Incendiary Plot Unfolded In Late November 1864 About a half-dozen Confederate agents in New York decided to go ahead with an improvised plan to set fires after the election. It seems the purpose changed from the wildly ambitious plot to split New York City off from the United States to simply exacting some revenge for the destructive actions of the Union Army as it kept moving deeper into the South. One of the conspirators who participated in the plot and successfully evaded capture, John W. Headley, wrote about his adventures decades later. While some of what he wrote seems fanciful, his account of the setting of fires on the night of November 25, 1864 generally aligns with newspaper reports. Headley said he had taken rooms in four separate hotels, and the other conspirators also took rooms in multiple hotels. They had obtained a chemical concoction dubbed Greek fire which was supposed to ignite when jars containing it were opened and the substance came into contact with the air. Armed with these incendiary devices, at about 8:00 p.m. on a busy Friday night the Confederate agents began setting fires in hotel rooms. Headley claimed he set four fires in hotels and said 19 fires were set altogether. Though the Confederate agents later claimed they did not mean to take human lives, one of them, Captain Robert C. Kennedy, entered Barnums Museum, which was packed with patrons, and set a fire in a stairwell. A panic ensued, with people rushing out of the building in a stampede, but no one was killed or seriously injured. The fire was quickly extinguished. In the hotels, the results were much the same. The fires did not spread beyond any of the rooms in which they had been set, and the entire plot seemed to fail because of ineptitude. As some of the conspirators mixed with New Yorkers in the streets that night, they overhead people already talking about how it must be a Confederate plot. And by the next morning newspapers were reporting that detectives were looking for the plotters. The Conspirators Escaped to Canada All the Confederate officers involved in the plot boarded a train the following night and were able to elude the manhunt for them. They reached Albany, New York, then continued on to Buffalo, where they crossed the suspension bridge into Canada. After a few weeks in Canada, where they kept a low profile, the conspirators all left to return to the South. Robert C. Kennedy, who had set the fire in Barnums Museum, was captured after crossing back into the United States by train. He was taken to New York City and imprisoned at Fort Lafayette, a harbor fort in New York City. Kennedy was tried by a military commission, found to have been a captain in the Confederate service, and sentenced to death. He confessed to setting the fire at Barnums Museum. Kennedy was hanged at Fort Lafayette on March 25, 1865. (Incidentally, Fort Lafayette no longer exists, but it stood in the harbor on a natural rock formation at the present site of the Brooklyn tower of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.) Had the original plot to disrupt the election and create a Copperhead rebellion in New York had gone forward, it is doubtful it could have succeeded. But it might have created a diversion to pull Union troops away from the front, and its possible it could have had an impact on the course of the war. As it was, the plot to burn the city was an odd sideshow to the final year of the war.

CJ summarize 10-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJ summarize 10-1 - Essay Example The municipal or magistrate courts handle larger case loads and have a wide discretion in the cases to handle. Trial courts are state courts with general jurisdiction. They are courts of record and handle all civil and criminal matters and are often called district, circuit or superior courts. The appellate courts are the highest courts in the state level and only handle appeals and review decisions of lower courts (Neubauer and Fradella 61). The federal courts are a creation of the Federal judiciary act, and there are 94 courts countrywide. These courts are trial courts and have jurisdiction over federal laws. The US district courts fall within the federal courts and often have a single judge, but complicated cases are heard by three judges and the defendant can request for a jury trial. There are 13 US court of appeals locates in a circuit with a three judge panel. The US Supreme Court is the highest court and is authorized by the constitution. The cases accepted for review by this court must pass the Rule of four, more than four justice’s feel that the matter needs consideration of the full court (Neubauer and Fradella

ASSE Webinar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ASSE Webinar - Essay Example The barbarian reed pipe starts with Kingston admitting that she heard about moon Orchids disastrous confrontation with her husband, which she related in at the western palace. Passing stories demonstrates the changing nature of the stories, whose telling is independent on the narrator (Maxine, 223). She recognizes that her brother narrates the moon Orchids story differently. The version of the story narrated by his brother was better compared to hers; Kingston relishes her talk stories because they emphasize the complexity of the talk stories and more influential. Kingston also writes about some other eccentrics about her communities. She is obsessive about theses personalities; this is because she feels like an insane person in her house answering and hearing voices in her constantly having terrible dreams. Kingston follows the brief talk of the outlawed knot with the discussion between her mother, and herself concerning brave Orchids supposedly cutting her frenum membrane under the tongue, which restricts movement in the tongue. Kingston enjoys being silent in school, her school life becomes acutely miserable when she realizes she has to speak English. The main obstacle to her English learning is culturally based on her relationship with the society. This is affected by the Chinese pronunciation which is hard; she characterizes it after she becomes consciously attuned to an American speech and